The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether the goalkeepers’ postures that mimic the Mü ller– Lyer illusion can influence penalty-takers’ perceptions and the location of throws. A representation of a goalkeeper was projected onto a blank screen (without goalposts and crossbar). The goalkeeper was displayed in arms-up (45 degrees above horizon), arms-out (horizontal, as control), and arms-down (45 degrees below horizon) postures. Participants (11 young male handball players) performed two tasks. They stood in front of the screen at a distance of 5 m and observed the goalkeeper displayed in one of the three postures. The participants were asked either to throw a tennis ball, or aim a laser pointer at, the horizontal position of the goalkeeper’ s hand. The horizontal distances of throwing and aiming locations were measured from the midline of the body of the goalkeeper model. The goalkeeper postures affected the locations of the throwing and aiming. The participants’ aiming and throwing tasks were found to be significantly farther from and closer in the arms-up and arms-down postures compared with the arms-out posture respectively. The experiment demonstrated that a goalkeeper adopting Mü ller– Lyer postures can influence his opponent’ s perception of maximum reach and his motor behavior.

Background: The research was done to evaluate the value of the Visual evoked potentials test in the assessment of Visual pathways function in cases with head trauma and minimal findings on routine testing. Materials and Methods: A prospective case series evaluating use of Visual evoked potentials testing in patients with a history of head trauma and suffering from Visual symptoms with no significant clinical and neuroimaging findings, referred for further work up. Results: Thirty-four patients with a history of head trauma and subsequent Visual complaints were included. 27 cases (79. 4%) were male and 7 cases (20. 6%) were female. The mean elapsed time after the trauma was 47. 6 weeks (range: 3. 5 to 320 weeks). Twenty-five cases had unilateral and 9 cases had bilateral Visual complaints. History of coma with mean duration of 12 days was present in 4 cases. The best-corrected Visual acuity was less than 1 Log MAR (legally blind) in 21 eyes. In 4 eyes (12%) the relative afferent papillary defect test was positive. Mild to moderate optic disc pallor was present bilaterally in 4 cases and unilaterally in 3 cases. Hemorrhagic patches were reported on MRI in 2 cases; no other cases had pathologic MRI findings. In unilateral cases, there was a statistically significant difference between the involved eye-sided lobe and the sound eye-sided lobe implicit time and amplitude. In patients with bilateral complaints, by testing each eye, the VEP amplitudes of both eyes showed significant differences with the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards, whereas the implicit times showed not-statistically significant differences. Conclusion: The Visual evoked potentials test shows not only additional diagnostic value, not seen on routine clinical and neuroimaging testing, but also rather a high validity in tracing Visual disability in traumatic brain injury.

Cortical blindness is a rare but serious complication of seizure disorders, typically associated with occipital lobe involvement. We report a case of a 32-year-old female with a history of hydrocephalus who developed acute, irreversible bilateral blindness following an untreated generalized tonic-clonic seizure episode. Flash Visual evoked potential (VEP) testing revealed cortical dysfunction, consistent with seizure-related occipital damage. This case suggests that untreated seizures may lead to permanent vision loss through cortical Visual pathway disruption. It underscores the potential neurological risks of delayed seizure intervention and highlights the importance of timely management to mitigate such outcomes. The report is contextualized with a review of relevant literature on seizure-induced cortical Visual impairment.

Introduction: Ionic channel rearrangements through the demyelinated axons or supporting media play significant role in remission of the neurological deficit in MS patients. In this study the effects of Verapamil as a calcium channel blocker on central conduction have been investigated through the evaluation of changes in P100 latency of the Visual evoked potential.Method: This randomized double blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was performed on two groups of 20 multiple sclerosis patients who had been diagnosed for definite MS and had no relapse during the last year. Case group received oral Verapamil, 40 mg, every 8 hours and was compared to Placebo group for changes in P100 latency.Results: In the Verapamil group, the P100 latencies showed an average decrease of 5ms comparing to the placebo group (6.1±4ms vs1 ± 0.5 ms). Verapamil had no significant effect on the VEP duration.Discussion: The present study suggests that pharmacological manipulation of calcium-dependent process, possibly at the level of demyelinated axon, can acutely facilitate central conduction of electrical impulses in some patients with clinically stable multiple sclerosis.

Objective: Recently, we reported the presence of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR-5) dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at excitatory synapses on fast-spiking GABAergic (FS-GABA) cells in the Visual cortex. In this study, we report a Ca2+ signaling pathway involved in this LTP type.Materials and Methods: Brain slices from GAD67-GFP knock-in mice were used. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording followed by immunohistochemical staining on parvalbumin- positive (PV+) FS-GABA cells, we studied the Ca2+ signaling pathway involved in excitatory LTP of certain Visual cortical interneuron subtypes.Results: U-73122- a phospolipas c (PLC) inhibitor (10mM), inositol triphosphate (IP3) inhibitors such as 2-APB (3mM) and heparin (10IU/ml), and CPA- the internally stored Ca2+ release inhibitor- (5mM) blocked the mGluR5 signaling pathway to induce LTP at excitatory synapses on PV+ fast-spiking cells in the Visual cortex. However, application of the vehicles alone had no effect.Conclusion: Our results indicate that mGluR-5 at FS-GABA neurons activate PLC and IP3 production. This leads to Ca2+ release, promotes LTP induction, and its maintenance is supported by internal Ca2+ stores. Considering the key role of PV+ FS inhibitory neurons in the Visual cortex circuits, we suggest that the metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent LTP of excitatory synapses to FS cells plays a crucial role in the Visual cortex plasticity.

Objectives: Human Immunodeficiency Virus type I is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome "AIDS" in human and demonstration of RN-I genome in samples is accepted as evidence of infection. Transmission of Infection during window period in blood transfusion settings is a worldwide concern. Also there is a need for a rapid, sensitive and accurate technique to detect RN -I infection prior to antibody appearance in patients and new borns.Material and Method: A rapid Visual DNA Chip based on RT-Nested PCR and Enzyme-Substrate detection system was developed. At first a specific RT-Nested PCR was developed and the products were confirmed in gel electrophoresis and the products were labeled with DIG (Digoxigenin).The labeled products were then hybridized with the pre-prepared chip with an anchored specific probe. After the washing procedure an antibody against DIG conjugated with alkaline phosphates enzyme was used. After the second washing procedure the BCIP/NBT substrate was used and development of color was interpreted as positive while the negative samples developed no color.Results: 35 sera samples from different stages of HIV infection (AIDS, Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Infection) as well as 20 confirmed negative sera samples were collected and checked with the developed assay. All the positive samples developed reaction while the negative samples had no reaction.Conclusion: In the current study the developed assay showed high sensitivity and specificity to detect HIV-I infection. It seems that the viral genome could be detected prior to antibody appearance and hence the window period could be shortened. Also the assay could be used to detect infection in new borns from infected mothers, because the maternal antibody could pass the placenta and antibody based assay have false positive results.Because of the high sensitivity, the developed assay could also detect infection in very low viral load conditions.

Background: Radial keratotomy is a major type of refractive surgery. This study was performed to determine the association of Visual evoked potential (VEP) and radial keratotomy. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-comparative survey, 25 patients under radial keratotomy attending to Basir Clinic in 2014 and 2015 were enrolled and the VEP results, including voltage and latency, were determined and compared with 25 control subjects. Results: The mean voltage was 5.6 ± 2.0 microvolt and 6.0 ± 2.2 microvolt in case and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). Mean latency duration was 95.7 ± 6.1 millisecond and 95.6 ± 5.7 millisecond in case and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: Totally, according to the obtained results, it may be concluded that there is no significant association between Visual evoked potential and radial keratotomy. Keywords: VEP, Refractory surgery, Radial keratotomy.

Objective: Many factors affect kinematic and kinetic body movements. The effects of kind of software on kinematics and kinetics output has not been assessed yet. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics and kinetics variable between the output of Polygan and Visual 3D softwares. Methods: twelve subjects (age=59.8±7.8 year, height=1.7±0.1 m, weight=70±10.4 kg and Body Mass Index= 25.6±3.4) participated in this study. A Vicon motion analysis system with four cameras as well as two Kistler force plates were used to measure the kinematics and kinetics variables during the gait. For statistical analysis independent samples test and Pearson correlation coefficient test were used. The type one error was set at a<0.05. Results: The range of motion for ankle horizontal plan, knee horizontal and frontal plans, and hip horizontal and sagittal plans was different between the Polygan and Visual 3D software. There was also a significant difference between the Polygan and Visual 3D software in moment of the ankle in sagittal, frontal and horizontal plan, knee horizontal and frontal plans, and hip horizontal and sagittal plans. The Interclass Correlation Coefficient was 83%-99% for range of motion and 78%-99% for moment. Conclusion: Interclass Correlation Coefficient was high for the kinetics and kinematics output of the Polygan and Visual 3D software. The range of motion for sagittal plan between the Polygan and Visual 3D software was the same. The frontal and horizontal range of motion and all plans of the moment of ankle were different between the Polygan and Visual 3D software.